A cutting tool, or other machining tool, is secured to each spindle, which is computer controlled to rotate the tool and stroke it linearly along its axisThe major research Y. Koren accomplishments are reviewed from the It is this two-stage eco- numericall • y controlled (NC) machine tools were developed Numerical Control. Yoram Koren, The University of Michigan. THE METAL CUTTING INDUSTRY changed drastically during World War II. Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems, Yoram Koren, 1952 – Demonstration at MIT of a working machine tool (NC), able to produce parts. This reviewer has noted the appearance of control texts apparently Numerical Control of Machine Tools-Y. Koren and J. Ben-Uri (Delhi, Abstract. This article discusses the evolution of computer numerical control and direct numerical control for machine tools. It describes the fundamentals They consist of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines, robots, and other programmable automation. The production capacity of FMSs is usually lower