Trunking Protocol, and Link Layer Discovery Protocol) requires that the device is a switch. This switch needs to be L3 aware in order to be able to tunnel traffic and limit the possible choices. • The L3 tunneling encapsulation depends on the device that does the tunneling: 1. Cisco 7301 supports L2TPv3 encapsulation. • Examples: L2 - Link aggregation Widespread support for LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) Bond two physical layer 2 channels into one logical one. Resilience against single port/channel failure. L2 Bandwidth scaling Balancing and dynamic behaviour is important! *All L2/L3 technologies for L2 Network partitioning and aggregation can also be used for L3 network partitioning and aggregation, respectively, by simply putting L3 packets in L2 payloads. Physical Layer (Layer 1) Physical Layer carries all information from the MAC transport channels over the air interface. Takes care of the link adaptation (AMC), power control, cell search (for initial synchronization and handover purposes) and other measurements (inside the LTE system and between systems) for the RRC layer. L2_L3.p4 Load 3 Protocol Authoring 1 Compile 2 Control 4 Parser Match+Action Tables Queues/ Scheduling Packet Metadata IPv4 IPv6 Eth VLAN Run-time API Driver Switch OS Run! 5 P4-Based Workflow 14 L2_L3.p4 Reconfigure 3 VXLAN.p4 UDP VXLAN The P4 Language Consortium • Consortium of academic and industry members Ans - OSPF is a standardized Link-State routing protocol, designed to scale efficiently to support larger networks. QUES 2 Mention some characteristics of OSPF. Ans-1) OSPF supports only IP routing. 2) OSPF routes have an administrative distance i.e. 110. 3) OSPF uses cost as its metric, which is computed based on the bandwidth of the link. The physical layer specification for LTE consists of a general document (TS 36.201), and four documents (TS 36.211 through 36.214). The relation between the physical layer specifications in the context of the higher layers is shown below. To/From Higher Layers 36.214 Physical layer - Measurements 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding 36.211 The various features of Layer-3 switches are given below: It performs the static routing to transfer data between different VLAN's. Whereas the layer-2 device can transfer data between the networks of the same VLAN only. It also performs dynamic routing in the same way in which a router performs. Overview 1. Part I: Network Virtualization 2. Part II: Data Center Bridging 3. Part III: Carrier Ethernet for Data Centers Break 4. Part IV: Virtual Bridging 5. Part V: LAN Extension and Partitioning 3 Washington University in St. Louis cse.wustl.edu/~jain/tutorials/nv_sc14.htm ©2014 Raj Jain Part I: Network Virtualization 1. Performance testing is the verification of the protocol's / DUT's stability and efficiency under high work load. CPU utilization, Memory utilization, Bandwidth utilization etc are normally monitored during performance testing. Protocol testing tools like IxNetwork, Ixload, IxExplorer, Smartbits, Router tester etc are commonly used performance Layer 2 switch work on layer 2 of OSI model i.e. data link layer and sends a "Frames" to destination port using MAC address table which stores the mac address of a device associated with that port. Layer 3 switch work on layer 3 of OSI model i.e. network layer where it route packet by using IP address, it is used widely on VLANs. Layer 2 L3 Switch: Performs (1