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DNA and histone methylation provide epigenetic regulation of gene expression during prenatal and postnatal development. Prenatal epigenetic programming (PrEP) can be affected by the maternal metabolic and nutritional environment, whereas postnatal epigenetic programming (PEP) importantly depends upon nutritional support provided through the GI The nonimprinted glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 is a transcription factor that is involved in many cellular processes. Epigenetic programming of NR3C1 (i.e., by diet and early maternal care) has been associated with long-term effects on metabolism, stress response, and behavior in both rats (17,18) and humans (19,20). Maternal care alters epigenetic programming of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene expression in the hippocampus, 7 GR promoter sequence marks this sequence for histone acetylation and DNA demethylation and that such epigenetic alterations pagne et al., 2003). Maternal behavior was observed for five, 75 min From this perspective a key proximal mechanism for sex differences in aggression may be strongly based on maternal behavior during the perinatal period through its impact on infant gene expression, brain development, and behavior development, and eventually on the next generation through reproductive behavior (Gluckman & Hanson 2005; Meaney 2001 ). The contributions of maternal sensitivity and maternal depressive symptoms to epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine functioning. Child Development, 87, 73 - 85. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12483 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed Conradt, E., Lester, B. M., Appleton, A. A., Armstrong, D. A., & Marsit, C. J. ( 2013 ). BackgroundThe epigenetic effects of transmission of certain regulatory molecules, such as miRNAs, through maternal milk on future generations, are still unknown and have not been fully understood yet. We hypothesized that breastfeeding regularly by adoptive-mother may cause transmission of miRNAs as epigenetic regulating factors to the infant, and the marriage of milk-siblings may cause These factors include epigenetic modification of the genome in which there is a persistent change in gene expression without a change in the actual DNA sequence. Genetic and environmental factors can influence the genome throughout a life; however, an individual is most susceptible during childhood. [1] On the other hand, stress exposure during pregnancy may alter maternal behavior of the mother ("behavioral memory"), which, together with the socioemotional environment during later critical developmental time windows (e.g., peripuberty), may induce postnatal neuronal epigenetic changes in the brain of her offspring (behavioral transmission). they mediate the programming of the brain: for exam-ple, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Inthefollowing sections wereview someof theevidence that ELS as well as EL nutrition affect hippocampal structure,plasticity,andfunction(Box1).Afteraddressing the role of maternal sensory stimuli, circulating stress Epigenet